The present study was undertaken to standardize and evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of Aquilaria malaccensis (Agarwood) leaves against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The dried leaves were extracted with ethanol and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, physicochemical evaluation and chromatographic standardization. The extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, gums and mucilages, saponins, starch, proteins, amino acids, phenolic compounds and reducing sugars, and exhibited a characteristic TLC Rf value of 0.56. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH free-radical scavenging assay, in which the extract demonstrated concentration-dependent activity with an IC?? value of 305 µg/mL. Acute oral toxicity testing according to OECD Guideline 423 indicated that the extract was tolerated up to 4000 mg/kg body weight. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated in ethanol-induced hepatotoxic rats using ethanolic Agarwood leaf extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg, while silymarin 200 mg/kg served as the standard drug. Ethanol administration produced marked elevations in serum SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, indicating significant hepatic injury. Treatment with the extract significantly reduced these altered biochemical parameters toward normal values. Histopathological examination supported the biochemical findings and demonstrated improved hepatic architecture, reduced tissue damage and evidence of hepatocyte regeneration in extract-treated animals. Overall, the findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves possesses significant hepatoprotective activity, which may be associated with its antioxidant and phenolic constituents. The study supports further investigation of Agarwood leaves as a potential natural source of hepatoprotective agents.

Medicinal plants remain an important source of structurally diverse secondary metabolites and biologically active compounds. Among the medicinally significant bulbous plants of the family Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllis belladonna L. has attracted considerable scientific interest because of its characteristic alkaloid profile and reported pharmacological properties. The bulb, which functions as an underground storage and metabolite-accumulating organ, contains a diverse range of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids belonging to lycorine-, crinane- and related structural classes. Phytochemical investigations have reported numerous constituents, including lycorine, pancracine, vittatine, hippeastrine, amarbellisine, ambelline, buphanamine and several acetylated alkaloids. In addition to alkaloids, non-alkaloidal constituents such as phenolic compounds and other secondary metabolites may contribute to the biological properties of the plant. Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant defenses, is associated with cellular damage and several chronic disorders. Consequently, natural plant-derived antioxidants have become important subjects of pharmaceutical and pharmacological research. A. belladonna has been reported to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiprotozoal and neuroprotective potential. However, the presence of potent and potentially toxic alkaloids necessitates careful interpretation of its medicinal applications. This review summarizes the botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, antioxidant mechanisms, pharmacological relevance, traditional significance, safety considerations and future research prospects of A. belladonna, with particular emphasis on the bulb as a source of bioactive constituents. The available evidence supports further investigation through activity-guided fractionation, chromatographic separation, spectroscopic characterization and systematic toxicological evaluation.

Regulatory submission is an important process in the pharmaceutical assiduity that ensures drugs are safe, effective, and high in quality before they’re retailed. This review explains the part of nonsupervisory affairs in medicine development, clinical trials, manufacturing, quality assurance, and post-marketing conditioning. It describes different stages of clinical trials and medicine blessing processes followed in India and other countries. operations similar as IND, NDA, ANDA, and CTD are important for carrying blessing from nonsupervisory authorities. The review also highlights the significance of proper attestation, stability studies, process confirmation, and compliance with nonsupervisory guidelines. Organizations similar as USFDA, CDSCO, EMA, and ICH help maintain transnational nonsupervisory norms. Effective nonsupervisory submission systems ameliorate patient safety, product quality, and global pharmaceutical compliance throughout the product lifecycle.I

Introduction: Due to environmental contamination, antimicrobial resistance, and public health hazards brought on by inappropriate disposal methods, pharmaceutical waste management is becoming a major global concern. Methodology: India, Malaysia, Bhutan, France, Spain, and other nations’ pharmaceutical waste management systems and legal frameworks are compared in this study. The examination focuses on funding channels, public awareness campaigns, disposal techniques, government engagement, and collection systems. Results: Enforcement, infrastructure, monitoring, and public engagement were found to have significant regulatory deficiencies, particularly in developing nations. In conclusion, effective pharmaceutical waste management and environmental protection depend on strengthening regulations, enhancing infrastructure, raising public awareness, and implementing sustainable disposal methods.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have transformed chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition by targeting the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. However, primary and acquired resistance continue to compromise long-term outcomes. This review examines the molecular basis of TKI resistance, encompassing BCR-ABL1-dependent mechanisms such as kinase domain mutations and gene amplification, alongside BCR-ABL1-independent pathways including PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAPK, and JAK/STAT5 crosstalk, drug transporters, epigenetic changes, and leukemic stem cell persistence. Emerging therapeutic strategies—allosteric inhibitors, rational combinations, stem-cell-directed approaches, and novel degrader technologies—are discussed as promising avenues toward overcoming resistance and achieving durable, treatment-free remission.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has become one of the fastest-growing global health crises, affecting millions worldwide. This review explores the intricate relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in driving the development and progression of this metabolic disorder. Chronic high blood sugar levels trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen species from dysfunctional mitochondria, creating a destructive cycle that impairs insulin action, damages insulin-producing pancreatic cells, and fuels persistent low-grade inflammation. These interconnected pathological processes ultimately lead to the metabolic breakdown characteristic of type 2 diabetes. The review also examines emerging therapeutic strategies, including mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and lifestyle interventions that show promise in restoring cellular energy balance and breaking this harmful cycle.

Gelatin-based bioinks have become widely used in 3D bioprinting because they support cell growth and can be easily modified for printing. However, the way these inks are prepared—particularly through crosslinking and extrusion—can either help or harm the cells inside them. This review brings together findings from two common tests: the L929 cytotoxicity assay, which checks if the material is toxic to cells, and the scratch assay, which measures how well cells can move and close a wound-like gap. Our analysis shows that while stiffer gels hold their shape better during printing, they often slow down cell movement, and that high shear stress during extrusion can temporarily damage cells. We also highlight major challenges, including poor reporting standards and the limited relevance of mouse-derived cell lines to human biology. To move the field forward, we recommend adopting standardized reporting guidelines, using artificial intelligence to optimize printing conditions, and transitioning to human primary cells for more meaningful results.