Current Issue

Baby skin is delicate and more prone to dryness, irritation, and microbial infections due to its thinner stratum corneum, higher pH, and lower lipid content compared to adult skin. Conventional soaps may disrupt the natural skin barrier because of their alkaline nature. Therefore, the present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a mild, skin-friendly syndet-based baby soap incorporating natural and herbal ingredients such as calendula oil, neem oil, lavender oil, aloe vera gel, and vitamin E. The soap base was prepared using a saponification process followed by a melt-and-pour method to ensure uniform incorporation of active ingredients. Key components such as coconut oil, castor oil, stearic acid, glycerin, ethanol, and sugar were used to enhance lather, hardness, transparency, and skin hydration. The prepared formulations were evaluated for organoleptic and physicochemical parameters including color, odor, texture, pH, foamability, foam retention, hardness, and skin irritation. The results indicated that the developed syndet-based baby soap exhibited good physical characteristics, stable foam properties, and no signs of skin irritation, confirming its suitability and safety for baby skin.

Background: Thalidomide, despite its history of severe teratogenicity, remains a vital treatment for multiple myeloma and leprosy. Its safe use is contingent upon strict adherence to Black Box Warnings (BBW) and Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) protocols. Objective: This study aimed to assess the baseline awareness and safety-related opinions of pharmacy-affiliated individuals and determine if educational level significantly impacts these factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted (N=47). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's Chi-Square tests (p

Background: Loperamide is a widely used over-the-counter antidiarrheal agent. While generally safe at recommended doses, inappropriate loperamide use may lead to constipation and other safety concerns. Understanding knowledge and perceptions of loperamide use is important for safe medication practices and patient counseling. Objective: To assess respondent knowledge and opinions regarding loperamide safety, regulation, and accessibility, and to examine demographic factors associated with these outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect demographic data and responses to five opinion-based questions and five knowledge-based questions related to loperamide and medication safety. Descriptive statistics were reported as frequencies and percentages. Pearson chi-square tests were used to evaluate associations between demographic variables and survey responses (p

Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic medication that carries a black box warning for heart failure due to its potential to cause fluid retention. Despite this warning, pioglitazone remains clinically relevant in the management of type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to assess pharmacy students' knowledge and opinions regarding pioglitazone and its black box warning, as well as to evaluate whether demographic factors were associated with differences in knowledge or perceptions. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to pharmacy students, collecting demographic information along with opinion-based and knowledge-based responses related to pioglitazone. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS and R. Descriptive statistics summarized knowledge and opinion scores. Group comparisons were performed using Welch’s t-tests and one-way ANOVA, while cross-tabulation analyses utilized chi-square tests of independence, with Fisher’s Exact Test applied when expected cell counts were small. Statistical significance was assessed at an alpha level of 0.05. Results: A total of 44 respondents were included in the analysis. The mean knowledge score was 43.3%, indicating limited overall knowledge regarding pioglitazone. In terms of knowledge-based items, 31 participants (55.4%) correctly identified that pioglitazone can cause fluid retention and worsen heart failure, while 17 participants (30.4%) incorrectly believed that patients do not require monitoring for edema. For opinion-based items, 39 participants (69.6%) agreed that pioglitazone can still be used despite its black box warning, and 37 (66.1%) agreed it should be prescribed with caution in patients with a history of heart failure. Additionally, 36 participants (64.3%) agreed that patients should be monitored for edema, and 42 (75.0%) agreed that women of childbearing age should be counseled on risks. The mean opinion score was approximately 69.0%, indicating generally favorable perceptions toward its use with appropriate precautions. No statistically significant differences were observed between demographic variables and knowledge or opinion outcomes (all p > .05). Conclusion: Pharmacy students demonstrated relatively low knowledge but generally consistent opinions regarding pioglitazone and its associated black box warning across demographic groups. Although no significant demographic differences were observed, the low knowledge scores suggest opportunities for enhanced education on the clinical implications of pioglitazone use, particularly concerning cardiovascular risk and patient monitoring.

Dark spots, including melasma and solar lentigines, affect people of different ages and are often treated with over-the-counter herbal or natural products. This study examined four herbal or natural remedies: apple cider vinegar, dandelion root extract, ricinoleic acid in castor oil, and vitamins C and E, and evaluated first year pharmacy students’ knowledge and opinions of these remedies. Although these products are commonly marketed for skin lightening and dark spot reduction, scientific evidence supporting their use, especially for dandelion root extract, ricinoleic acid, and apple cider vinegar, remains limited. Methods: A survey with five knowledge based and five opinion-based questions was administered to 40 participants. Resutls: The sample was predominantly female (75%) and young, with 90% between 18 and 30 years of age. More than half of participants (55%) were from the DMV area before entering the Howard University College of Pharmacy program, and 65% had three or more years of paid work experience. The results from the knowledge-based questions showed a 64.5 percent correct answer rate, with most participants correctly identifying solar lentigo as another name for age spots and recognizing the potential role of vitamins C and E in reducing hyperpigmentation. Opinion based responses showed a skeptical attitude toward herbal remedies, with most participants disagreeing with claims about dandelion root extract, apple cider vinegar, and ricinoleic acid. Conclusion: These findings suggest that pharmacy students are generally cautious about natural remedies for dark spots, consistent with the current evidence base and the need for continued education on evidence-based counseling for hyperpigmentation.

Dull skin refers to a complexion that lacks radiance, appearing lackluster, tired, or lacking in vibrancy. This can be caused by various factors such as dryness, buildup of dead skin cells, or a decrease in skin cell turnover. This paper discusses the potential use of Turmeric Face Mask, Lemon Juice, and Papaya Enzyme Mask to aid in improving dull skin. Methods: To assess healthcare professional’s knowledge and opinions, a survey was conducted in first-year pharmacy students. The survey included 5 knowledge-based and 5 opinion-based questions. The questions focused on three different herbal remedies. The data collected from 40 participants was analyzed for correctness and agreement. Results: The knowledge-based questions show that 95% answered correctly with the question about accumulation of dead skin cells. Vitamin A comes from lemon juice and receives the lowest accuracy (37.5%). For the opinion-based questions, it shows more than 95% of participants agreed or strongly agreed using a turmeric face mask can aid in reducing inflammation of the skin. Discussion: Participants display a higher attitude towards herbal remedies for dull skin. The knowledge base questions have mixed accuracy. In addition, participants agreed on the use of herbal remedies for dull skin. Disagreement was minimal. Ranging from 0% to 9% which shows an extensive preference towards positive agreement. Conclusion: This research paper delivers information of the use of herbal remedies for dull skin. Opinions about Turmeric Face Mask, Papaya Enzyme Mask, and Lemon Juice are positive in the views of healthcare professionals. The study is constrained by a restricted sample size and lack of diversity amount the individuals surveyed. To advance the filed, forthcoming research endeavors out to rectify these shortcomings by expanding the sample size and ensuring a more varied representation of participants. Additionally, future investigations should delve into supplementary factors that impact people’s knowledge and attitudes toward herbal remedies for skin care.

This study aimed to evaluate pharmacy students’ knowledge and perceptions regarding the use of Boswellia, Eucalyptus, Licorice Root, and Butterbur in asthma management, while emphasizing the importance of safety and evidence-base practice. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using five knowledge-based and five opinion-based questions on four herbal remedies to assess first-year pharmacy students. The data collected from 28 participants were analyzed using SPSS for correctness and agreement. Results: The True or False Questionnaire displays that majority of respondents (75%) believe that Eucalyptus can be beneficial in alleviating asthma symptoms and improving breathing. Many respondents (82.1%) recognize that licorice root is known to be a natural remedy for managing asthma. Almost all respondents (89.3%) were aware of butterbur containing small levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Approximately 50% of respondents (46.4%) knew that complementary therapies like boswellia, eucalyptus, licorice root, and butterbur could not replace conventional asthma medications for long-term asthma management. Less than 50% of respondents (42.9%) believed that Boswellia has not been scientifically proven to effectively treat asthma symptoms. Opinion-based were evaluated as well and showed belief in Boswellia's Effectiveness and over 90% of respondents either agree or strongly agree with the effectiveness of Boswellia as a treatment for asthma. The majority (82.1%) agrees or strongly agrees that Eucalyptus can help alleviate asthma symptoms and improve lung function. Responses are varied regarding the effectiveness of Licorice Root, with (64.3%) expressing agreement or strong agreement. A majority (82.1%) agrees or strongly agrees that Butterbur is a well-established herbal treatment for asthma. Responses vary on the replacement of conventional asthma medications with complementary therapies, with 75% expressing agreement or strong agreement. Conclusions: This study highlights a gap between pharmacy students’ knowledge and perceptions of herbal remedies in asthma management. Pharmacy students demonstrated basic awareness of herbal remedies but overestimated their effectiveness and role in the management of asthma. Misconceptions about replacing conventional therapies highlight a need for improved education on evidence-based practice and safety using CAM therapies in pharmacy curricula. Additionally, caution should be exercised when considering the complete replacement of conventional asthma medications with complementary therapies. A collaborative approach involving healthcare professionals is essential to ensure informed decision-making and optimal asthma management.

Vitamin D plays an essential role in maintaining calcium and phosphorus balance in the body, which is necessary for strong bones and healthy teeth. It also supports important body functions such as metabolism, immune response, and overall physiological balance. Although vitamin D is highly beneficial, excessive intake can lead to a serious condition known as vitamin D toxicity or hypervitaminosis D. This condition mainly occurs when high-dose vitamin D supplements are taken for a long period without proper medical supervision. Vitamin D toxicity causes an increase in calcium levels in the blood, a condition called hypercalcemia. Elevated calcium levels can damage sensitive organs such as the kidneys, heart, liver, and nervous system. Common early symptoms include weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and fatigue. In severe cases, it may lead to kidney stones, arrhythmias, confusion, and other life-threatening complications. In children, serious conditions such as pancreatitis and severe renal damage may also occur. Diagnosis is usually confirmed when blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D rise above 150 ng/mL along with increased serum calcium levels. The first step in treatment is stopping vitamin D and calcium supplements immediately. Proper hydration is important to help remove excess calcium from the body, and in severe cases, medicines may be required to lower calcium levels. As the use of supplements continues to increase, proper dosing guidelines, accurate labeling, and patient awareness have become very important. Both healthcare professionals and patients should understand the risks of excessive supplementation. Vitamin D is necessary for health, but it should always be taken in the correct amount. Safe use, regular monitoring, and medical guidance are the best ways to prevent vitamin D toxicity and its long-term complications.

The main object of this present study is to prepare and evaluate an herbal Shampoo and determine physiochemical function that emphasizes on safety, Efficacy and quality of the product Herbal Shampoo is the natural hair are product, Which is use to remove grease, dirt, dandruff and promote hair growth, Strengthens and darkness of the hair. It is also supplying softness, smooth ness, and Shines for the hair. Various drugs are used for the pre mixture of cosmetics Shampoo. Such drugs show different side effects such as hair loss, high scaling, Scratching, discomfort, nausea and headache. Therefore, an experiment is m a detox prepares herbal shampoo that is free from side effects.[1] The aim of the present study is to Formulate and evaluate herbal Anti dandruff Shampoo containing natural in gredients with an Emphasis on safety and efficacy.[2]

Hypertension is a common chronic condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure and is a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Due to its asymptomatic nature, it often remains undetected until serious complications such as cardiovascular, renal, and neurological disorders develop. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence, risk factors, associated comorbidities, and management practices of hypertension through a local population-based survey. A cross-sectional survey involving 250 individuals from specific area of Una and Nangal was carried out using a structured questionnaire. The data included a survey form where patient is asked for the demographic details, lifestyle habits, medical history, occupation and treatment adherence, where patient can be assessed with the specific reason of hypertension. The findings indicated that 170 out of 250 individuals (68%) were hypertensive. A significant number of patients also had comorbid conditions, particularly diabetes and cardiovascular disorders which indicates the highest rate of chronic disorders is on the peak and population has to aware to maintain the health care system. Lifestyle factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and psychological stress were identified as major contributors to hypertension. The main objective of this survey is to focus on identifying the burden of the disease, their risk factors, the level of management of these diseases, evaluate prescribed treatment and analyze healthcare access. The study focused on the serious impact of diseases on health and aware people to add a valuable lifestyle to combat the problems and to low the risk over the age.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has escalated into a global health crisis, threatening the very foundations of modern clinical medicine.[1] This review provides an in-depth exploration of how bacterial pathogens have evolved to withstand once-lethal chemical agents. The study begins by tracing the historical timeline from the "Golden Age" of discovery to the current "Post-Antibiotic Era," where common infections once again pose a fatal risk.[2] We examine the classification of antibiotics based on their chemical structure and analyze the intricate molecular mechanisms, such as efflux pumps and enzymatic inactivation, that bacteria employ to survive.[3] Furthermore, the role of horizontal gene transfer via plasmids is highlighted as a primary driver for the rapid dissemination of resistance across diverse bacterial species.[4] The review also addresses the critical impact of socio-economic factors, specifically the irrational use of drugs in healthcare and growth promoters in the livestock industry.[5] Statistical data presented herein underlines the rising mortality rates associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms like MRSA and Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.[6] Finally, the paper evaluates emerging therapeutic frontiers, including bacteriophage therapy and CRISPRbased antimicrobials, emphasizing that a multidisciplinary "One Health" approach is essential to mitigate this escalating biological threat.[7]

For hundreds of years, herbs were utilized by humans; today, herbs are still widely recognized across the globe as alternatives to prescription medications because of their natural origin. Herbs are associated with cases of poisoning due to adverse effects like liver failure following use of kava or comfrey, heart disorders related to consumption of ephedra, and undesirable drug–herb interaction, such as St. John's wort. The main reason why herbs can be harmful is the lack of regulatory measures to regulate their quality, which leads to herb contamination and admixtures as well as uncontrolled dosages. Consequently, patients cannot distinguish herbs which can be helpful and harmful to them. It is crucial to disseminate information about herbs and promote awareness regarding herbs among the community in order to ensure the safety of their use. Using herbs safely while receiving their medicinal benefits is entirely possible by combining culture and science.

Lisinopril is an (ACE) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and is used in the treatment of high blood pressure, heart failure, and heart attacks. It works by blocking the production of a potent blood vessel constrictor (angiotensin II), leading to relaxed blood vessels, reduced fluid volume, and lower blood pressure. Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic drug used for treatment of high blood pressure(hypertension) and accumulation of fluid (edema). It works by blocking salt and fluid reabsorption from the urine in the kidneys, causing increased urine output (dieresis). The combination of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide provides a synergistic approach to managing Hypertension. This combination is effective, well-tolerated, and convenient. Numerous analytical methods have been developed for the determination of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. These methods include a reverse phase chromatography method with UV detection (HPLC-UV), A high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), UV Spectrophotometric, A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Follicular hyperkeratinisation, bacterial colonization, and excessive sebum production are the hallmarks of acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory skin condition that frequently results in papules, pustules, and scarring. Anti-acne medications like benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, and antibiotics are frequently administered via traditional topical formulations like creams, gels, and lotions. However, poor skin penetration, instability, and frequent dose requirements restrict their therapeutic efficacy and lower patient compliance. Topical drug delivery methods based on nanoemulsions have shown promise in addressing these issues by improving drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Oil, water, and surfactant dispersions that are thermodynamically or kinetically stable and have droplet sizes that are usually between 20 and 200 nm are known as nanoemulsions. Improved drug penetration through the stratum corneum and targeted delivery to pilosebaceous units, the main location of acne pathology, are made possible by their enormous surface area and small droplet size. The formulation design and characterization techniques of nanoemulsion-based acne treatment systems are the main topics of this review. The choice of oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, optimization of droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity, and stability, and drug loading methods appropriate for hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs are important factors to take into account. Particle size analysis, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin penetration, and deposition investigations are examples of characterization techniques that are emphasized. Additionally, current developments involving combination treatments and herbal actives are covered. In comparison to traditional formulations, nanoemulsion-based topical systems offer increased penetration, controlled release, less irritation, and better patient adherence, making them a suitable platform for enhancing anti-acne therapy.

Impurity profiling is a critical aspect of pharmaceutical quality control, encompassing the identification, characterization, quantification, and regulation of impurities in both drug substances and drug products. Impurities may originate from synthetic processes, degradation pathways, residual solvents, or interactions with packaging materials, and their presence can significantly impact drug safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance. A wide range of advanced analytical techniques, including chromatographic methods (HPLC, GC, UPLC), spectroscopic tools (NMR, IR), and mass spectrometric approaches (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS), are employed for impurity profiling. International regulatory frameworks, particularly ICH guidelines Q3A–Q3D and M7, provide clear specifications for impurity limits and control strategies. This report outlines the various sources and classifications of impurities—organic, inorganic, residual solvents, and genotoxic—and emphasizes the role of Quality by Design (QbD), method validation, and risk assessment in establishing robust impurity control.

Mistake proofing solution are design-based techniques used in industry to prevent errors during the production process. error proofing widely known as Poka yoke is proactive quality management strategy focused on preventing human error before they lead to defect. Originating from the Toyota production system the principle has expanded beyond manufacturing into service and administrative domains as organizations pursue higher quality and operational excellence. The research explores how error proofing integrates into enterprise quality management framework, examines systematic methods for implementing error proofing controls and highlights key application areas demonstrating its effectiveness. Its role in modern quality systems including lean and six sigma, suggest Poka yoke is a foundational error preventive mechanism crucial for sustainable quality improvement. Error proofing system is discussing the operational mechanism of the enterprises quality management error proofing system with the analysis of the process of quality management error proofing.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by dopaminergic neuron loss. Levodopa, the primary treatment, is commonly paired with carbidopa to enhance brain bioavailability and minimize peripheral side effects. However, challenges such as motor fluctuations and limited absorption necessitate advanced drug delivery approaches. These include extended-release, gastro-retentive, and transdermal systems, as well as innovative formulations like the Accordion Pill®, DM-1992, and subcutaneous infusions like ND0612. Such strategies aim to provide sustained plasma levels, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. Ongoing research is vital for optimizing delivery and enhancing the quality of life in PD management. Innovative drug delivery systems for levodopa/carbidopa in Parkinson’s disease aim to overcome motor fluctuations and improve patient outcomes. Approaches include 3D-printed scaffolds, inhalable powders, enteral suspensions, segmented tablets, and extended-release formulations, offering controlled and personalized therapy. These strategies enhance bioavailability, stability, and symptom management in advanced PD care. Advanced strategies in Levodopa delivery for Parkinson’s disease include PEGylation, lipid nanoparticle conjugation, and ligand-mediated targeting for enhanced brain penetration. Functionalized nanoparticles improve bioavailability, reduce side effects, and offer controlled release. Clinical trials like ELLDOPA, STRIDE-PD, and CALM-PD guide optimized therapy, shaping future personalized treatment approaches.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential complications. Its pathogenesis involves dysfunction of the anti-reflux barrier, impaired esophageal clearance, and altered mucosal defense mechanisms. Multiple risk factors, including obesity, lifestyle habits, and anatomical abnormalities, contribute to disease progression. Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation supported by endoscopy and reflux monitoring. Management includes lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy primarily proton pump inhibitors and advanced endoscopic or surgical interventions. Recent advances emphasize phenotype-based and precision medicine approaches to improve long-term outcomes and patient-centered care.