Groundwater contamination is a critical environmental issue, particularly in arid regions like Bikaner, Rajasthan. This study evaluates the concentration of heavy metals and trace elements in groundwater from various locations within Bikaner to assess the potential risks to human health and the environment. Water samples were collected from 20 well locations and analyzed for Arsenic, Chromium, Copper, Manganese, Lead, Uranium, and Zinc. The findings reveal significant variations in heavy metal concentrations across different locations. Notably, Sinthal exhibited the highest lead concentration (56 mg/L), while Ghardwala also recorded elevated levels (48 mg/L). Chromium levels were significantly high in Sagar (0.449 mg/L) and Ridmalsar (0.2278 mg/L). Manganese concentrations peaked at Karmisar (0.992 mg/L) and Sagar (0.462 mg/L). Arsenic was detected in a few locations, with the highest concentration in Khara (0.00615 mg/L). Uranium levels remained relatively low across all sites, with a maximum of 0.07 mg/L in Gangasahar. Zinc concentrations varied, reaching 0.079 mg/L in Karmisar. The study highlights the urgent need for monitoring and remediation strategies to mitigate groundwater contamination in the region. High concentrations of lead, chromium, and manganese in certain locations exceed permissible limits, posing health risks. These findings provide essential insights for policymakers and environmental agencies to develop sustainable groundwater management strategies for safe drinking water in Bikaner.

Many people experience low back pain (LBP) at some point in their lives. It is a relatively prevalent disease. The study's objective was to assess community chemists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices when they provide lower back pain advice to patients. Materials and methods: This study was done for two months in September and October 2024. We collected data from community pharmacists in Zawia, Libya. The cross section was 100 participants from community pharmacists to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice among patients with lower back pain. Results: 100 participants were conducted in this study; for the target number, there was a questionnaire that was from a previous study or validated study; the questionnaire consisted of 5 parts. There, all the participants completed and answered the questionnaire. For a quicker response, the surveys were available in both Arabic and English for all participants. and using simple statistics. Conclusion: The community pharmacists in Zawia, Libya, approached the treatment of lower back pain with positivity. It was demonstrated that both factors were statistically dependent on work, location, jobs, and prior employment.

Aim of this work is to verify the efficacy od the KEGEL procedure used in the micturiation urge disfunction and the contribute that this can provide in reducing-avoiding pharmacological therapy. This approch can be useful to reduce healthcare costs ( direct and indirect ) and in order to increase the patints quality of life. The social implication are relevant. The complexity in physiology and pathology in this condition need an adeguate treatement : Not only pharmacological approach or physiotherapic but also psycological and of lifestyle modification. This multidisciplinar approach can produce global benefit. The more severe cases are not considered in this work because required treatement like Botulin toxin injection or surgery procedure.

Introduction: Boils also referred as furuncles are infections of hair follicles caused by the bacteria producing painful, nodular pus-filled lesions on skin surfaces. There are various conditions and co-morbidities which lead to the formation of boils on skin surfaces like diabetes, weaning immunity, variety of skin infections, poor hygiene. In Unani System of Medicine (USM),boil occurs due to the imbalance of Akhlat (humours) which is actually increase of hot and moist humours. This imbalance leads to the accumulation of morbid matter in blood causing skin inflammation. Hammam is a regimenal therapy which causes the diversion and evacuation of morbid wastes from the body. Clinical presentation: A 50 year old male patient with no co-morbidity visited the OPD of Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Habak, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir in the month of November in 2024. The patient was a diagnosed case of boils which were present on the left flank of abdomen, on left iliac crest, gluteal region. The patient had no aggravating or relieving factor. Intervention: The patient was treated with Hammam therapy infused with Burg-i-N?m(BN) and Burg-i-Hina (BH) for a period of 15 days. All the pre and post treatment SOP’s were taken into consideration. Results: The presenting signs and symptoms were reduced which was assessed through Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Discussion: Hammam, a known regimenal therapy in USM helps through the evacuation of morbid wastes from the body leading to complete detoxification. The use of Burg-i-N?m(BN) and Burg-i-Hina (BH) as a decoction in hammam helped in blood purification. Also, being a potent antibacterial agent, it aides in wound treatment and healing. The chemical constituents like quercetin, ?-sitosterol, margolone, etc. possess antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: In this study, it was validated that Hammam has significant effect on boils and is beneficial in the treatment of boils.

One of the most prevalent respiratory disorders that can be fatal is asthma, which obstructs the airways in the lungs. The aim of the study: To evaluate asthmatic patients' knowledge, attitudes, and practices and focusing on the population awareness of asthma and the effectiveness of asthma control measure. Materials and methods: This study was conducted for two months in September and October 2024 in Libya. Data was collected from patients with asthma. The sample size consisted of 100 participants from both hospitals and private clinics to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices among patients with asthma. Results: This study involved 100 patients with asthma. These patients were interviewed and asked questions about the disease, symptoms, and related information obtained from previous studies or validated sources. Conclusion: We found all the patients didn’t have knowledge among asthma disease causes and pathophysiology of asthma, but they had a good attitude and practice related to asthma symptoms. They had to go to the hospital or pharmacy for most patients.

The phytochemical composition and biological properties of root extracts from Datura fastuosa (Solanaceae), also known locally as Qorramakka, are investigated in this work. The primary objectives were to identify the bioactive components of the root and evaluate its potential pharmacological effects. The most prevalent groups of phytochemicals screened and identified were flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. Several biological assays were used to assess the extracts' antioxidant and antimicrobial qualities. The results demonstrated strong antimicrobial action against a range of bacterial and fungal infections, as well as outstanding antioxidant qualities, as demonstrated by notable radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Despite the fact that the extracts contained significant amounts of flavonoids and phenolics, quantitative analysis revealed that the chloroform extract had very few alkaloids. DPPH radical scavenging revealed that the range of antioxidant activity was 83.31% to 19.88%. The antibacterial activity indicated that the inhibition zones for fungi and bacteria were 9.4 to 4.17 mm and 20.30 to 11.9 mm. Methanol and acetone extracts showed stronger antifungal and antioxidant properties, while ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts showed stronger antibacterial properties. The results demonstrate Datura fastuosa's potential as a source of bioactive chemicals with therapeutic uses and support its historic use in ethnomedicine. Further research is required to determine the specific bioactive chemicals responsible for these effects, characterize them, and evaluate their safety and effectiveness in clinical settings.

Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus Dalz. species shows the spherically arranged flowering head. Mostly flowers are observed in purple colour. It is anannual herb with 30-60cm high. Flowers arrange din rounded clusters without a stalk. Leaves are 5-10 cm in length, and are almost without a stalk. Neuracanthussphaerostachyushas been traditionally used to treatsk in diseases, cough and asthma. The genus Alocasia (Schott) G. Don consists of 113 species distributed across Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Alocasia plants grow in tropical and subtropical forests with humidlowlands.Featuringtheir largegreenheart-shapedor arrow-shapedear leavesandoccasionally red-orange fruit, they are very popular ornamental plants and are widely used as traditional medicines to treat various diseases such as jaundice, snake bite, boils, and diabetes. This manuscript critically analysed the distribution, traditional uses, and phytochemical contents of 96 species of Alocasia. The numerous biological activities of Alocasia species were alsopresented, which include anti-cancer, antidiabetic and antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant, antidiarrhoea, antimicrobial and antifungal, antiparasitic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory, brine shrimp lethality, hepatoprotective, anti- hemagglutinin, anti-constipation and diuretic, and radioprotective activities as well as acute toxicity studies. Research articles were acquired by the accessing three scientific databases comprising PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. For this review, specific information was obtained using the general search term “Alocasia”, followed by the “plant species names” and “phytochemical” or “bioactivity” or “pharmacological activity”. The accepted authority of the plant species was referred from theplantlist.org. Scientific studies have revealed that thegenus is mainly scattered throughout Asia. It has broad traditional benefits, which have been associated with various biological properties such as cytotoxic, antihyperglycaemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Alocasia species exhibit diverse biological activities that are very useful for medical treatment. The genus Alocasia was reported to be able to produce a strong and high-quality anti-cancer compound, namely alocasgenoside B, although information onthis compound is currently limited.Therefore,it is strongly recommended to further explore the relevant use of natural compounds present in the genus Alocasia, particularly as an anti- cancer agent. With only a few Alocasia species that have been scientifically studied so far, more attention and effortis required toestablish the linkbetween traditionaluses, active compounds, and pharmacological activities of various species of this genus.

Xylanase is the important component of hemicellulose, the second largest natural polymer on earth. There are four main classes of xylanases are arabinoxylans, glucuronoxylans, glucurono arabinoxylans and galacto glucurono arabinoxylans. The side chains of each xylan are exist supervise for the hemicellulose and therefore, influencing the mode and extent of enzymatic cleavage. Xylanases, as glycoside hydrolase members, they are able to gives rise to the hydrolysis of xylan, by breaking the ?-1,4-glycoside linkages, in order to produce simpler compounds such as xylose. Many of the degrading microorganisms can generate xylanases such as fungi (Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp.), bacteria (Bacillus sppsolubility, physical conformation and reactivity of the xylan molecule with other components of.,. Worldwide, the market of xylanases has enlarge rapidly because of its potential in Streptomyces spp.), yeast (Cryptococcus spp.), marine algae etc. Based on their availability, microbial xylanases have dissimilar characteristics, that makes them useful for an application or another industrial use, especially in the biotechnological applications.

Pharmacovigilance (PV, or PhV), also known as drug safety, is the pharmaceutical science relating to the "collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention" of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products. The etymological roots for the word "pharmacovigilance" are: pharmakon (Greek for drug) and vigilare (Latin for to keep watch). As such, pharmacovigilance heavily focuses on adverse drug reactions (ADR), which are defined as any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, including lack of efficacy (the condition that this definition only applies with the doses normally used for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological disorder function was excluded with the latest amendment of the applicable legislation). Medication errors such as overdose, and misuse and abuse of a drug as well as drug exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding, are also of interest, even without an adverse event, because they may result in an adverse drug reaction. Information received from patients and healthcare providers via pharmacovigilance agreements, as well as other sources such as the medical literature, plays a critical role in providing the data necessary for pharmacovigilance to take place. In order to market or to test a pharmaceutical product in most countries, adverse event data received by the license holder (usually a pharmaceutical company) must be submitted to the local drug regulatory authority. Ultimately, pharmacovigilance is concerned with identifying the hazards associated with pharmaceutical products and with minimizing the risk of any harm that may come to patients. Companies must conduct a comprehensive drug safety and pharmacovigilance audit to assess their compliance with worldwide laws, regulations, and guidance.

Pemphigus is a disease that causes blistering of the skin and the inside of the mouth, nose, throat, eyes, and genitals. The disease is rare in the United States. Pemphigus is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks cells in the top layer of the skin (epidermis) and the mucous membranes.Pemphigus vulgaris is caused by a problem with the immune system, which is the body's defense against infection. Instead of attacking germs, something goes wrong with the immune system and it attacks the skin by mistake. This damages the skin and causes blisters to appear.Bullous pemphigoid is a rare skin condition that mainly affects older people. It usually starts with an itchy, raised rash. As the condition develops, large blisters can form on the skin.It may last a few years and sometimes causes serious problems, but treatment can help manage the condition in most cases.