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Betel leaf (Piper betle L.), a member of the Piperaceae family, is a renowned medicinal plant native to Asia. It has diverse applications in medicine, industry, and pharmaceuticals due to its rich antioxidant and phytochemical content, along with its cooling and refreshing properties. Globally, there are 90 varieties of betel leaf, of which 45 are cultivated in India. This plant is cost-effective, safe, and available year-round. Betel leaf exhibits a wide range of therapeutic properties, including antifungal, antiseptic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-allergic, anti-fertility, anti-filarial, wound-healing, and anti-dermatophytic effects. It also prevents gastrointestinal infections by modulating the immune system and may aid in diabetes management by regulating blood sugar levels. Traditionally, it is used in religious ceremonies and widely consumed after meals to promote digestion. Ayurveda recommends its consumption post-meal for benefits such as enhanced digestion, oral cleansing, cough reduction, and weight maintenance.Its medicinal applications extend to treating wounds, fungal infections, respiratory issues, joint pain, and oral health problems. Betel leaf extracts are also utilized in food preservation for their antifungal properties and in personal care products like toothpaste and perfumes. The review highlights the significance of betel leaf as a versatile botanical resource with immense potential to benefit humanity.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common gastrointestinal illness comprised of mucosal ulcers in the duodenum and stomach, most often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, hyperacidity, or chronic NSAID consumption. The traditional drugs are proton pump inhibitors, antacids, and antibiotics, but long-term consumption induces side effects and resistance. Over the last decade, phytochemicals possessing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have been researched as a safer alternative. ?-Myrcene, a naturally occurring monoterpene in essential oils, has been reported to possess significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastroprotective, and antioxidant activities. Although rich in therapeutic potential, ?-myrcene is characterised by poor aqueous solubility and instability, which restricts its bioavailability and clinical use. In a bid to surmount these handicaps, the current study was designed to formulate a stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion of ?-myrcene and investigate its potential for oral treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared by high-shear homogenization and the utilisation of non-ionic surfactants like Tween 80 and Span 20. The formulations were then optimised for the size of the droplets, concentration of the surfactant, and oil-to-water ratio. The following tests were assessed after formulation, i.e., physical appearance tests, pH, viscosity, phase separation, and creaming index. In conclusion, the synthesised ?-myrcene emulsion possessed desirable physicochemical and biological properties and therefore, can be a potentially effective gastroprotective delivery system for the management of peptic ulcer disease. The results of the present work highlight the effectiveness of emulsion-based systems in improving the solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of hydrophobic phytoconstituents like ?-myrcene. Clinical confirmation is also recommended to establish its efficacy and safety in human subjects.

This article explores the relationship between various diseases of bones and joints and the use of medicinal plants in their treatment. Bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and fractures are prevalent worldwide, significantly impacting quality of life. Traditional medicine systems, particularly Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), have a long utilized herbal remedies to support bone health and enhance healing processes. Research highlights several effective plants, including Cassia occidentalis, Willow bark, Devil’s claw, Cissus quadrangularis ,tinospora etc…known for their anti-inflammatory and bone strengthening properties.Some of the plants have shown promise in improving bone mineral density.

Macrotyloma uniflorum (Horse gram) is a pulse that is an excellent source of nutrition. It can be grown in hostile environmental. It has the potential to treat a wide range of health problems, including G.I disorders, kidney stones, respiratory diseases, and anthelmintic requirements, horse gram has other therapeutic benefits which are not widely known. Renal calculus (nephrolith) is accumulation of dietary minerals. supersaturation, nucleation, development, accumulation, and retention inside the kidneys are some of the physicochemical events that lead to the complex formation of lithiasis. Various research reports and traditional applications suggest Macrotyloma uniflorum’s importance in treating various illnesses, exhibiting anthelmintic qualities, and exhibiting hypoglycemia, hypolipidemic, and antibacterial actions. Numerous species of Macrotyloma uniflorum is reported with anti-lithiatic properties. The seeds having rich dietary antioxidants properties, are used to treat parasitic worms, bacterial and fungal infections, and hiccups. Additionally, the undigestible carbohydrate in horse gram helps to control diabetes, and seed’s extracts have antihypercholesterolemic properties. Beyond its use in medicine, horse gram is known for being a crop that may be used as human food or as animal feed. The current review summarizes the beneficial nutritional content, its variables, pharmacological qualities, and potential applications as a functional or therapeutic meal for health benefits.

Nano-particles are really small particles that range from 1-100 nm in size. The review describes nano-particles in a systematic way, from types, properties, and synthesis methods to various application. Therefore, ever-changing fields including medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental science perceive nano-particles as very vital and potential. Then there are discussions about advantages that can be attributed to properties of nano-particles, which are said to be enhanced due to a small size and very high surface-to-volume ratio. Thereafter are factors and challenges related to nano-particles, including toxic potentials and environmental impacts . This involves different production methods of nano-particles, including chemical, physical, and biological methods. The article also discusses different routes of administrations of nano-particles like parentrals, orals, intravenous injections etc. In application terms, it provides examples of how nano-particles have been used in areas such as drug delivery systems, imaging and diagnostics, environmental remediation, energy storage, and catalysis. It talks about the potential for nano-particles to revolutionize these fields through enhanced targeted delivery, improved capabilities for imaging, removal of pollutants, improved efficiency of energy conversion processes, etc. On the whole, it remarks how nano-particles have created a very significant impact on the various industries/disciplines, thereby emphasizing the potential need for future research and development to ensure further exploration of their potential and possible risks/concerns.

The Indian Himalayan region presents 18440 species of plants, containing about 45% medicinal properties. Uttarakhand is known as the "herbal state of India.” The Indian second highest peak of Nanda Devi (7817 m) is located in Uttarakhand. Uttarakhand is a storehouse of various herbs, medicinal and aromatic plants. Almost 5000 various plant species are present in Uttarakhand, and almost 700 species are for medicinal purposes These herbs have long been utilised in the traditional Indian system and by loca ls to treat a variety of ailments. Hypertension is one of the most significant health disorders, and herbal drugs are the most effective treatment for it. Hypertension is a medical term used to describe high blood pressure. There are two types of H ypertens ion P rimary ( and S econdary. The remaining 5 10% of instances are secondary hypertension, while 90 95% of cases are primary hypertension. Herbal remedies for hypertension are used to treat and control it with minimal adverse effects. In the Ut tarakhand region are many plants that are used in hypertension. There are some plants: Berberis aristata, Ajuga brocteosa, Prunus domestica, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Rhododendron arboreum, Pyracantha crenulata, Bauhinia verigata, Cleome viscosa, Nardostachys jatamansi, Tinospora cordifolia, Ficus auriculata, Plantago ovata, Cedrus deodara, Hibiscus rosa Sinensis, Plectranthus forskohlii, Acorus calamus, Valeriana wallichii, Evolvulus alsinoides, Allium sativum, Fritillaria roylei, etc.

Peptic ulcer infection (PUD) is a common gastrointestinal clutter influencing around 10% of the worldwide populace. It is essentially caused by Helicobacter pylori disease and the incessant utilisation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Routine medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor blockers, and stomach settling agents, offer symptomatic help but are related to side impacts and visit backslides. Later, ponders have appeared that phytochemicals—naturally happening compounds found in plants—hold critical potential in the administration of PUD. These incorporate alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenoids, which have anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This audit examines the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers, centring on the part of H. pylori and NSAIDs, and highlights the helpful guarantee of plant-based medications. Particular phytochemicals like berberine, quercetin, and beta-myrcene have appeared viable in preclinical models by lessening gastric corrosive discharge, upgrading mucosal obstruction, and relieving oxidative push. Conventional plants, utilized in different societies for ulcer treatment, moreover display cost-effective and available options to present-day pharmaceuticals. Future investigations are required to investigate the clinical viability of these phytochemicals, particularly in large-scale trials. Also, the improvement of novel phytomedicines and personalized treatment approaches may lead to more successful and more secure administration of PUD. With anti-microbial resistance on the rise, elective treatments focusing on H. pylori contamination may also be pivotal in the coming a long time.

The aim of the current study was to develop a method that could be used for quantitation of Metformin hydrochloride, sitagliptin and glimepiride in a tablet dosage form. The HPLC system used in this study consisted of Inertsil C8 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size), and the mobile phase was composed of methanol and buffer, pH 5 in a gradient elution mode. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min, and the detection was performed at a wavelength of 215 nm. The method was validated per ICH guidelines, assessing key analytical parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and robustness. Linearity was established within the concentration range of sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate 25-75 ?g/mL, metformin hydrochloride 500-1500?g/mL and glimepiride 1-3 ?g/mL, with a recovery rate ranging for sitagliptin phosphate monohydtrate from 98 to 100.3%, metformin hydrochloride range from 99-101.2% and glimepiride range from98-101.3%. The developed RP-HPLC method demonstrated excellent specificity, accuracy, precision, and robustness, making it well-suited for routine quality control analysis of Tablet Dosage form.

Many herbal extractions have been recommended for the cure of different diseases. The present research deals with phytochemical investigation, anthelmintic and anti-microbial activities of betel leaf collected from the local garden. Standardization of crude drug extraction from plant plays an important role in identifying the quality and purity of drugs. The leaves of the plant are extracted by Soxhlation using methanol as solvent. Then this extraction distilled to get a concentrated mass. Phytochemical investigation shows the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, proteins, and tannins in the extract of piper betel. In-vitro anthelmintic activity was observed by Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma having anatomical and physiological resemblance with intestinal roundworms. Before using these earthworms, washed in normal saline solution. To determine anthelmintic activity, all the investigations were carried out with different concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 ?g/ml, significant activity were reported by time of paralysis and time of death. Antimicrobial activity was also determined, these compounds exhibit a maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis. This study gives the way for further studies should be undertaking to elucidate the extract mechanism of action by which extract exert their antibacterial effects.