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Helminthiasis remains a widespread public health challenge, affecting nearly half of the global population, particularly in regions with inadequate sanitation, malnutrition, and overcrowded living conditions. This parasitic infection is primarily transmitted through contaminated soil, water, food, or direct contact with infected hosts, with insects often acting as vectors.[1,2] The major groups of helminths responsible for infections in humans and animals include trematodes (flukes), cestodes (tapeworms), and nematodes (roundworms), all of which contribute to a variety of health complications.[3,4] Helminth infections can result in immune suppression, increasing the host’s susceptibility to secondary infections and life-threatening diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Among the nematodes, species such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Trichuris trichiura are particularly significant as they spread infection without requiring an intermediate vector. These parasites typically infect humans through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct contact with contaminated soil, or skin penetration by larvae. Once inside the human body, these worms can migrate through the bloodstream and settle in organs such as the lungs and central nervous system (CNS), causing severe complications including respiratory distress, neurological disorders, and malnutrition. In contrast, trematodes such as Schistosoma species are primarily transmitted through contaminated water, where their larvae penetrate human skin upon contact. Chronic schistosomiasis can result in severe organ damage, particularly affecting the liver, intestines, and urinary system, often leading to conditions such as hepatosplenomegaly, intestinal fibrosis, and bladder cancer. Cestodes, including Taenia solium and Taenia saginata, are generally transmitted through the consumption of undercooked or contaminated red meat. Once inside the host, these tapeworms can develop into cysts in various tissues, including muscles, the eyes, and the CNS, leading to a severe neurological disorder known as neurocysticercosis, which can cause seizures, chronic headaches, and cognitive dysfunction.[5, 6]

In the modern world, a significant portion of the global population continues to face challenges in accessing necessities that are critical for survival and quality of life. These include essential resources such as nutritious food, clean and safe drinking water, adequate education, reliable healthcare services, and a clean and sustainable environment. The lack of these fundamental needs is a pressing issue that affects millions, particularly in underdeveloped and developing regions. Governments at all levels are striving to address these challenges, which are further intensified by two interconnected factors: a rapidly growing global population and the ongoing deterioration of the environment. As populations expand, the demand for limited resources increases, placing immense pressure on the environment and compounding the difficulties faced by vulnerable communities. Amid these challenges, there has been a growing focus over the past two decades on exploring plant materials as sources of new antibacterial agents to address various health concerns. Medicinal plants, in particular, have emerged as a vital area of study due to their inherent healing properties and the wide range of phytochemical constituents they contain. These natural compounds have been shown to possess therapeutic properties that can be harnessed to treat and manage numerous human diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the importance of medicinal plants, emphasizing that they serve as one of the best sources for developing a diverse array of drugs and pharmaceutical compounds. Their accessibility and potential for sustainability make them invaluable in efforts to enhance global healthcare. To fully leverage the potential of medicinal plants, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive research to understand their properties, safety, and efficacy. Rigorous investigation into their pharmacological and chemical composition can unlock their utility in combating infectious diseases and other health conditions. This knowledge can pave the way for the development of new, effective, and affordable treatments that are rooted in nature. Such advancements not only address immediate health challenges but also offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic drugs, aligning with broader efforts to mitigate environmental degradation.[1]

Background: Herbal medicines are gaining prominence for their therapeutic potential, but challenges such as poor bioavailability and stability often limit their clinical applications. Niosomes—vesicular systems composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol—have emerged as promising nanocarriers for enhancing the delivery and efficacy of herbal bioactive. This study was undertaken to formulate Datura powder-loaded niosomes and to systematically evaluate their physicochemical characteristics, focusing on particle size and particle size distribution. Methodology: Datura powder, known for its traditional medicinal properties, was encapsulated into niosomal vesicles using the ether injection method. The formulation involved non-ionic surfactants (Span and Tween) and cholesterol to achieve stable vesicle formation. To assess the phytochemical integrity post encapsulation, qualitative tests were conducted, including Tannic Acid Test, Wagner's, Hager’s, Mayer’s, and Volatile tests. Particle size and distribution were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, and volatile constituents, suggesting the preservation of active components after niosomal encapsulation. DLS results showed a surface area moment diameter (D [3,2]) of 2.35 ?m and a volume moment diameter (D [4,3]) of 12.2 ?m. Distribution values-Dv (10), Dv (50), and Dv (90)-were 0.713 ?m, 6.04 ?m, and 30.7 ?m respectively, indicating a moderately polydisperse particle size range suitable for sustained drug delivery.

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs) of Diltiazem Hydrochloride to enhance patient compliance, particularly in populations with swallowing difficulties such as pediatric and geriatric patients. Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and angina, suffers from first-pass metabolism and relatively low oral bioavailability. Fast-dissolving tablets were prepared using direct compression techniques with various superdisintegrants such as Crospovidone, Sodium Starch Glycolate, and Croscarmellose Sodium in different concentrations. The prepared tablets were evaluated for pre-compression parameters (bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose) and post-compression parameters including hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time, wetting time, and in vitro drug release. Among the formulations, the batch containing 4.5 % Crospovidone showed the fastest disintegration time (under 30 seconds) and optimal drug release profile (over 90% within 10 minutes). The results suggest that Diltiazem fast-dissolving tablets can be a promising alternative to conventional dosage forms, providing rapid onset of action and improved patient adherence.

Background: Yoga which is a way of life is characterized by balance, health, harmony and bliss. Thescience of yoga is a powerful stream of knowledge, which enables the practitioners to achieve This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured yoga module in enhancing the academic performance of B.A.M.S. students. Yoga, as a holistic practice, promotes physical, mental, and emotional well-being, which are essential for academic success. The randomized control clinical trial will involve B.A.M.S. students who will be divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group will undergo a 12-week yoga module comprising asanas, pranayama, meditation, mudras, and bandhans, while the control group will not participate in any yoga intervention. Data will be collected using specific questionnaires to assess academic performance, memory scores, and intelligence span before and after the intervention. The study will also monitor any adverse effects associated with the yoga module. The primary objectives include evaluating improvements in memory, cognitive functions, and overall academic performance. This research aims to provide empirical evidence on the role of yoga in academic settings, offering insights into its potential benefits for medical students' cognitive development and stress management. The findings could inform future educational strategies for enhancing academic outcomes through integrative wellness practices.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), primarily driven by Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug use, remains a global health concern. Although conventional therap ies, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and antibiotics, have significantly reduced the disease burden, rising antimicrobial resistance and the long term adverse effects of PPIs pose major therapeutic challenges. This evolving landscape necessitates t he development of alternative and complementary treatment strategies. In recent years, medicinal plants with antibacterial, antioxidant, acid neutralizing, and urease inhibitory properties have gained attention for their potential to sustainably manage pep tic ulcer disease. Herbal agents such as Glycyrrhiza glabra , Moringa oleifera , Azadirachta indica , and Curcuma longa have demonstrated proven in vitro and in vivo efficacy against H. pylori , with additional gastroprotective Advances in extraction optimization, phytochemical standardization (via TLC, HPTLC, FTIR, and UV/Vis), and antimicrobial screening have improved the reliability and reproducibility of plant based therapeutics. Furthermore, combining herbal remedies with existing allopathic trea tments may enhance eradication rates, mitigate resistance development, and reduce the side effects. This integrative approach aligns with the World Health Organization’s call for rational antimicrobial use and sustainable health care practices. However, ri gorous clinical validation, safety profiling, and standardization are essential for its mainstream acceptance. This review underscores the therapeutic promise of modern herbal integration in PUD management and advocates interdisciplinary collaboration to a ddress the dual challenges of ulcer recurrence and antimicrobial resistance. Leveraging the synergistic strengths of both systems could offer a safe, effective, and holistic model for treating peptic ulcers in the current era.

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder affecting over 50 million people globally, with approximately 5 million new cases diagnosed each year. It is characterized by aberrant brain activity leading to seizures, often resulting from sudden and excessive neuronal discharges. Despite its widespread impact, epilepsy remains a complex condition with diverse underlying causes and manifestations, affecting individuals across all age groups, particularly Pediatrics and Geriatrics. The delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the brain poses significant challenges in treating epilepsy. However, the emergence of nanotechnology offers promising solutions by enhancing drug performance through nano-sized formulations. Nanospheres, a subset of polymeric nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 10 to 200 nm, are particularly advantageous due to their ability to encapsulate a variety of drugs, enzymes, and genes, and their long circulation time. These nanospheres enable targeted drug delivery, which is crucial for effectively managing epilepsy. Overall, nanotechnology holds significant promise for improving the treatment of epilepsy by enhancing drug delivery and targeting capabilities.

This study presents the formulation and evaluation of an immediate-release tablet of metoclopramide hydrochloride, a dopamine D? receptor antagonist widely used for the management of nausea, vomiting. The primary objective was to develop a tablet that ensures rapid disintegration and dissolution, enhancing the onset of therapeutic action. Formulation development involved direct compression and wet granulation techniques using excipients such as starch, lactose, propyl paraben, methyl paraben, talc, magnesium stearate and disintegrants like sodium starch glycolate The tablets were evaluated for physical parameters including hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time, and in vitro drug release. Among the formulations, the batch containing as a superdisintegrant sodium starch glycolate exhibited the best performance, with a disintegration time under 2 minutes and over 85% drug release within 30 minutes. The drug-excipient compatibility was confirmed through FTIR analysis, and the optimized batch showed acceptable stability under accelerated conditions. The study concludes that an effective immediate-release tablet of metoclopramide can be formulated with optimal disintegration and release profiles suitable for rapid relief of gastrointestinal symptoms.

The genus Channa , commonly known as the snakehead fish, is a significant freshwater species in many parts of Asia and Africa, both ecologically and economically.However, the increasing use of p esticides in agriculture has raised concerns regarding their impact on aquatic organisms, particularly in fish.Haemotoxic pesticides, which affect the Blood and circulatory systems, pose a unique threat to fish health and immune function.This literature re view aims to summarize existing research on the effects of toxic pesticides on the immunomodulation of Channa . Haemotoxic pesticides are chemicals that can disrupt normal Blood function, leading to anemia, impaired immune responses, and increased susceptib ility to diseases.Common examples are organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. These substances can enter aquatic ecosystems through runoff, affecting fish populations and the immune system.