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Background: Sunburn is a common condition resulting from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation, with symptoms ranging from erythema and blistering to systemic effects. While conventional treatments include corticosteroids and NSAIDs, interest in herbal alternatives is increasing due to their perceived safety and holistic benefits. Objective: The goal of this study is to review the literature regarding the use of common herbs —Aloe Vera, Calendula, Lavender, and Comfrey—for the treatment of sunscreen and to assess the knowledge and perceptions of pharmacy students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 40 participants, gathering demographic data, occupational background, and responses to five knowledge- and five opinion-based questions about the remedies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square testing to identify associations between work type and knowledge levels. Results: Aloe Vera, Calendula, and Lavender were well recognized for their therapeutic benefits, with over 70% of respondents identifying them correctly. However, only 30% recognized Comfrey's potential liver toxicity. Participants working in pharmacy-related or healthcare fields demonstrated higher knowledge levels, especially regarding Lavender (p = 0.029). The average knowledge score was 56.5%, with only 25% scoring full marks. Opinion-based results reflected positive perceptions toward Aloe Vera and Calendula. Conclusion: While herbal sunburn remedies are well received, knowledge gaps remain—particularly around safety concerns like Comfrey's hepatotoxicity. Targeted education for both consumers and professionals is essential to ensure the safe use of herbal remedies.

INTRODUCTION: This study explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in educational podcasts on global audience engagement, comparing two formats: The New Chemist Podcast (TNCP), which incorporates AI features such as personalized cont ent and multilingual translation, and Lecture casts (LCP), which follow a traditional lecture style format with minimal AI use. AI technologies in education, including adaptive learning systems, chatbots, virtual tutors, and automated assessment tools, are transforming the landscape of digital learning by enhancing personalization, feedback immediacy, and scalability. TNCP utilizes these tools to tailor episodes, boost clarity, and dynamically adjust content based on user needs, whereas LCP provides a more consistent, structured experience. METHODS: Data from Apple Podcasts and Listen Notes rankings from March 2024 to March 2025 were analyzed to assess listener engagement across multiple countries. TNCP showed strong upward momentum, particularly in regions such as India, Mauritania, and Slovakia, driven by AI enhanced features. Although LCP had a higher total listener count (625 vs. 348), TNCP achieved significantly higher average listening time per user (22.9 vs. 15.5 minutes, p

Antifungal drugs are commonly used as conventional delivery systemin the treatment of infection. The efficacy of drugs depends on penetration to skin. Noveldelivery system for topical delivery of antifungal drugsincludes ethosomes, liposomes, nanoparticles, nanosuspension, nanosponges, microsponges and emulgel. Therefore, new formulation strategies are used for development of new delivery systems. The various antifungal drugs areAmphotericin B, fluconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, bifonazole, oxiconazole, silver salts, terbinafine etc. This review discusses about the antifungal potential of various drugs and provides overview on their novel drug delivery systems.

Topical formulations, including gels, are designed for both systemic and local effects when applied to the skin. Topical gels are semisolid preparations where drugs are dispersed in a liquid medium, enhancing drug delivery. These gels consist of three-dimensional structures made from natural or synthetic polymers linked through physical, chemical, or ionic interactions. They are classified based on colloidal system nature, solvent system, rheological properties, and physical characteristics. The development of innovative formulations like hydrogels and emulgels has emerged alongside traditional gels. Various preparation methods include cold, chemical, dispersion, flocculation, and thermal techniques. This review covers classification, novel approaches, applications, gel formation mechanisms, preparation methods, and evaluation parameters.

Allergic diseases refer to a group of conditions caused by an overreaction of the immune system (usually IgE-mediated) to harmless substances known as allergens. The global rise in allergic diseases has paralleled population growth, presenting a major challenge in reducing morbidity. Despite the widespread prevalence and impact of allergies on quality of life, healthcare professionals often lack sufficient knowledge regarding alternative and complementary therapies, particularly herbal remedies. This study aimed to (1) review the existing literature on botanicals with potential anti-allergic properties—specifically quercetin, nettle, eyebright, and butterbur—and (2) assess the knowledge and perceptions of first-year pharmacy students concerning the use of these herbal therapies in allergic conditions. Methods: A literature review was conducted to summarize current evidence, followed by the development and distribution of a structured online survey to pharmacy students enrolled in a Drug Information course. The survey included demographic questions, five knowledge-based items, and five opinion-based items. Results: A total of 46 students participated, yielding a 92% response rate. The findings showed a high level of knowledge about commonly studied herbs such as butterbur and quercetin (over 85% correct responses), but lower awareness of nettle and eyebright (57.6% and 62.5%, respectively). While students demonstrated a solid understanding of certain herbal treatments, their attitudes were generally skeptical: only 25.8% expressed confidence in the safety of herbal remedies compared to over-the-counter medications, and just 5.9% were willing to recommend herbal therapies. Cross-tabulation analysis revealed significant associations between students’ geographic background and their knowledge and attitudes toward herbal therapies (p-values

Sustained-release matrix tablets represent a pivotal advancement in drug delivery systems, offering a controlled and prolonged release of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This technology aims to enhance therapeutic efficacy, minimize side effects, and improve patient compliance by maintaining consistent plasma drug levels over an extended period. The matrix system, often composed of hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers, governs the release kinetics through mechanisms such as diffusion, erosion, or a combination of both. This paper explores the formulation strategies, types of polymers used, and the physicochemical principles underlying sustain release matrix tablets. It also reviews the critical factors influencing drug release rates, including polymer concentration and drug solubility. Additionally, the paper examines the advantages and potential limitations of these systems, alongside recent advancements and future perspectives in the field. Through comprehensive analysis, this study aims to provide insights into optimizing sustain release matrix tablets for improved therapeutic outcomes.

Ethosomes are advanced lipid-based carriers designed for enhanced transdermal and dermal drug delivery. Composed primarily of phospholipids, ethanol, and water, ethosomes possess unique properties that enable deeper penetration of active pharmaceutical ingredients into the skin layers, as well as systemic absorption. Ethanol, a key component, acts as a penetration enhancer by increasing the fluidity of skin lipids and creating new pathways for drug transport. Ethosomes exhibit greater stability, higher drug entrapment efficiency, and smaller vesicle sizes compared to traditional liposomes, making them highly effective for both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. This review article aims to explore the composition, preparation methods, characterization techniques, alongside their mechanisms of action in drug delivery and potential therapeutic applications of ethosomes. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of ethosomes over other vesicular carriers, including their ability to deliver drugs under both occlusive and non-occlusive conditions. The article also discusses recent advancements in ethosomal technology and their role in improving transdermal drug delivery for various clinical applications.

Gastro-resistant polymers play a crucial role in the development of oral drug delivery systems, especially for the drugs that are sensitive to gastric acidity and also for the targeted release in the small intestine or other parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These are the polymers which are used to protect active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the harsh acidic environment of the stomach, preventing premature drug release and degradation. The primary mechanism of action involves pH-sensitive polymers that remain intact in the acidic stomach but dissolve or degrade in the alkaline environment of the small intestine. Common gastro-resistant polymers include acrylic derivatives such as Eudragit L100 and Eudragit S100, cellulose derivatives like cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), and natural polymers such as shellac. These polymers are frequently used in enteric coatings for tablets, capsules, and granules, ensuring that drugs are released at the optimal site for absorption. The development of gastro-resistant formulations not only improves the stability of acid-labile drugs but also enhances therapeutic efficacy by ensuring sustained or delayed release. This review explores the various types of gastro-resistant polymers, their mechanisms of action, applications in pharmaceutical formulations and advantages of gastro-resistant polymer use in controlled and targeted drug delivery are also discussed, highlighting their significance in modern pharmaceutics.

In human body, liver serves a number of important roles i.e., those related to metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, and vitamin storage, to mention a few. The present research was based on synthesis and evaluation of novel benzothiazole derivatives for its hepatoprotective activity. Derivatives were identified and characterized based on physicochemical properties i.e., percentage yield, physical appearance, melting point, Rf value through TLC, FTIR analysis, NMR analysis, Mass spectroscopy. And evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of synthesized novel derivatives. Thin layer chromatography, or TLC for short, is a technique in synthetic chemistry that uses a compound's variable Rf value to deduce the molecule's synthesis. The Rf values for C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 were found to be0.64,0.69,0.71,0.67,0.67, and 0.70, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of each of the synthesized benzothiazole derivatives, such as melting point and % yield, were examined. In determination of SOD level, distilled water exhibited SOD level 58.34± 0.35 U/mg of protein in control group. However, Derivatives (C1-C6) exhibited SOD level as 3.42±0.5U/mg of protein, 3.96±0.36 U/mg of protein, 4.62±0.29 U/mg of protein, respectively. Benzothiazole showed the decreased SOD level. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity and hepatocyte (liver cell) healing properties of synthetic benzothiazole derivatives may account for their hepatoprotective effects. Its mechanism of action must be established by molecular research in order to determine which receptor subtypes it operates on and how binding efficiency might be raised.

Cancer refers a disease that develops when a few cells grow-out and spread into other organs- internal. Cancer can manifest almost anywhere in body. The present research was based on the synthesis and evaluation of anti-cancer potential of novel derivatives of 1,4-dioxane. 1,4-Dioxane was first identified in 1863. It started to be used commercially in the 1930s as a solvent in the production of plastics and cellulose acetate. Starting in the 1950s, 1,4-dioxane was utilized as a stabilizer that were chlorinated. Since 1,4-Dioxane is a contaminant, there are further worries regarding the amount of this substance in shampoos, detergents, and cosmetics. To novel derivatives based on physicochemical properties i.e., melting point, Rf value, FTIR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy techniques and evaluated for in-vitro anticancer potential of synthesized novel derivatives on following cell lines i.e., PC3, MCF-7. For the 1,4-dioxane derivatives, the boiling point was determined as 128ºC ºC, 146ºC, 164ºC, 144ºC, 158ºC and 172ºC for compounds C1, to C6, respectively. Significant findings were also made regarding molecular weight in the produced 1,4-dioxane derivatives. Compounds C1 to C6 were determined to have molecular weights of 155.5, 247, 135.1, 137.1, 200, and 151.1, respectively. At concentration (100µg/ml), 1,4-dioxane derivatives demonstrated the % cytotoxicity as 73.53%, 74.23%, 72.24%, 75.48%, 74.62%, and 76.16%, in the C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6., respectively. Thus, all the derivatives were shown the significant anti-cancer effect when observed in the PC3 cells. Thus, it might be said that effects of 1,4-dioxane derivatives were almost similar in both the models i.e., PC3 cell and MCF-7 cells. It concluded that the novel derivatives of 1,4-dioxane have a potential anti-cancer activity when observed in-vitro. All the derivatives exhibited anti-cancer response in the both the models i.e., PC3 cells and MCF-7 cells with % cytotoxicity of 70-80%, approximately at the concentration of 100µg/ml.

It refers the evaluation of anti-obesity and hypolipidemic activities of ethanolic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Morus alba. The fresh bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and leaves of Morus alba were collected from UP East region and authenticated from a botanist. Bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum was extracted through Soxhlet and leaves of Morus alba extracted through maceration process using ethanol. The albino rats were obtained from the Animal House, Saraswati Higher Education and Technical College of Pharmacy, Gahni, Ayar, Varanasi; kept at temp. 25±1°C with 12-hour light/dark cycle. Animals were kept into 5 groups; n=6 i.e., group 1: normal saline; group 2: high fat diet (HFD) + normal saline; group 3: HFD + Cinnamomum zeylanicum (400mg/kg); group 4: HFD + Morus alba (400mg/kg) for 15 days and group 5 given HFD + Orlistat (50mg/kg) for 15 days. The blood sugar level was estimated at the day 1, 3, 5, 10 & 15. The HFD + Cinnamomum zeylanicum (400mg/kg) treated animals showed the blood glucose level as 90.43±0.42mg/dl, 92.20±0.23mg/dl and 94.20±0.34mg/dl, at the day 5, day 10 and day 15, respectively. However, HFD + Morus alba (400mg/kg) treated rats showed the blood glucose level as 91.45±0.64mg/dl, 94.46±0.25mg/dl and 96.20±0.12mg/dl, respectively. This study suggests that Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Morus alba medication may be recommended as a well recognised treatment for obesity management and cholesterol reduction, thereby improving overall health and extending lifespan.