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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age, with a prevalence estimated at 8–13%. This translates to approximately 66 million women worldwide living with PCOS. Current treatment options for PCOS have limitations, emphasizing the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This review explores the potential of Caesalpinia bonducella in managing PCOS, proposing a novel vaginal ring formulation containing C. bonducella extract as a delivery system for treatment. The review highlights the pharmacological properties of C. bonducella and its potential therapeutic benefits in PCOS. An intra-vaginal controlled-release drug delivery system is suggested as an effective method for continuous administration of therapeutic agents. Compared to traditional oral administration, intra-vaginal drug delivery offers systemic absorption due to the dense network of blood vessels in the vaginal wall. Various drug delivery platforms suitable for intra-vaginal administration include hydrogels, vaginal tablets, pessaries/suppositories, particulate systems, and intra-vaginal rings. The vaginal route is particularly effective for administering drugs such as contraceptive steroids, metronidazole, and antiretrovirals.

The present study was aimed to investigate phytochemicals present in the tuber extract of Amorphaphallus paeoniifolius and development of new solvent system for thin layer chromatography of petroleum ether and ethanol extract of Amorphaphallus paeoniifolius tuber.Initially dried powder of Amorphaphallus paeoniifolius was extracted successively in Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Methanol and water and tested for the presence of different phytoconstituents. The tuber of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius contain phytoconstituents like alkaloids, steroids, fats & fixed oil, flavonoids, tannins, proteins and carbohydrates. Among the four extracts only the Petroleum ether and methanol extract were proceed to T.L.C. For TLC, new solvent system developed for the best separation of the phytoconstituents present in the extracts. The solvent system selected for the best results of TLC were Chloroform: Benzene: Diethyl ether of the ratio 2: 2: 0.5 for petroleum ether extract and Formic acid: Acetic acid: water of the ratio 100:11:11:27 for methanol extract. TLC resulted in identification of 3 spots for each solvent system.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by intense pruritus, erythema, and compromised skin barrier function. The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate a niosomal gel containing crisaborole, a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor, for enhanced treatment efficacy in AD. Niosomes, which are vesicular carriers composed of non-ionic surfactants, were chosen for their ability to encapsulate drugs, improve skin penetration, and enhance drug stability. Crisaborole-loaded niosomes were prepared using a thin-film hydration method and optimized by varying surfactant-to-cholesterol ratios. The optimized niosomes were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release. A carbopol-based gel containing the crisaborole-loaded niosomes was subsequently formulated. The niosomal gel was evaluated for physicochemical properties, rheological behavior, in vitro drug release, and ex vivo skin permeation studies using rat skin. The results demonstrated that the optimized niosomes had a particle size in the nanometer range with high encapsulation efficiency and sustained drug release over 24 hours. The niosomal gel exhibited desirable viscosity and stability, with significantly enhanced skin permeation compared to a conventional crisaborole gel. In vivo studies on a murine model of AD revealed a marked reduction in erythema, scaling, and inflammation, confirming the therapeutic potential of the niosomal gel. In conclusion, the crisaborole niosomal gel offers a promising approach for the effective management of atopic dermatitis, with improved drug penetration, sustained release, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate its efficacy and safety in human subjects.

Background:- Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is the major cause of shoulder pain and disability in the general population. The prevalence is 2-5% in the general population and 10- 20% in diabetics. It typically affects females aged 40 to 60. In 12% of cases, both shoulders are affected, although the left shoulder is more frequently afflicted. Objectives:- In This case study our objective is to evaluate the efficacy of Fire Cupping (?ij?ma N?riyya) in Alleviating Symptoms of Waja‘al-Maf??il-i-Katif(Frozen shoulder). Methods:- A 61-year-old diabetic male patient presented to the OPD of the Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Srinagar. Over a 4-week period, the affected shoulder was treated with ?ij?ma N?riyya (fire cupping) on specific spots three times per week, with weekly assessments. Result- This study found that regimental therapy ?ij?ma N?riyya (fire cupping) effectively reduces pain, stiffness, and increases mobility in the shoulder joint, as well as enhancing range of motion in frozen shoulder. The patient's VAS scores was decreased and also indicating a decrease in symptoms. Conclusion- The treatment was safe and bearable, and the patient's quality of life improved significantly. After treatment, there was a statistically significant decrease in VAS and Improvement in overall shoulder mobility.

A target-oriented drug delivery system is referred to as a novel drug delivery system since it reduces the dose and increases effectiveness without endangering other organs. The present study was based on the formulation, characterization and evaluation of caspofungin emulgel for its anti-fungal activity. Emulgels were prepared and evaluated for parameters i.e., physical examination, pH determination, swelling index, drug content estimation and in-vitro drug release. The antifungal activity was evaluated through well diffusion method against fungus strains i.e., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Candida albicans and Rhizopus species. In results, the pH level was determined to maximize solubility and absorption. pH was estimated as 6.3±0.2 in F1. While pH for F2 and F3 was measured as 6.2±0.1 and 6.4±0.3, respectively. After 6 hours, the % drug release from formulations F1, F2, and F3 was 81.31±0.11, 82.35±0.64, and 83.20±0.33, respectively. In F3, antifungal activity was recorded as 5.39mm, 6.29mm, 7.14mm, and 6.23mm in A. niger, P. notatum, C. albicans and Rhizopus species, respectively. It can be said that Caspofungin has more anti-fungal potential on C. albicans as compared to A. niger. It might be due to destruction of cell wall and/ nucleic acid of fungal strains. In conclusion, there is no question that capsofungin emulgels will be the most sought-after dosage form due to its superior therapeutic potential and less patient issues.

Herbal remedies are thought to have been used for the ancient period. Herbal remedies have been used in countries all over the world since 2800BC. The present research was based on the evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of leaves extract of Adenium obesum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The fresh leaves of Adenium obesum were collected from Meerut region, UP and were authenticated from a botanist. The leaves were dried at 40ºC temp. after being cleaned to remove any dust. Weighed out powder was steeped in ethanol solvent for 15 days, stirring gradually during that time. A rotary evaporator was used to partially vacuum-dry the mixed slurry that was produced. We received 130-150g Wistar rats of both sexes from the Animal House at the Translam Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research in Meerut. The animals were kept under ideal circumstances, with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and room temperatures of 25±1°C. The rats are then given a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly manufactured alloxan monohydrate solution (150 mg/kg, s. c.), which causes them to become diabetic. All the animals were kept in different 5 groups; n=6 and treated for 21 days i.e., group 1 given normal saline, group 2 given alloxan (150mg/kg, s. c.), group 3 given alloxan (150mg/kg, s. c.) + Glibenclamide (5mg/kg), group 4 given alloxan (150mg/kg, s. c.) + ethanolic leaves extract of Adenium obesum (ELAO) (200mg/kg, p. o.) and group 5 given alloxan (150mg/kg, s. c.) + ethanolic leaves extract of Adenium obesum (ELAO) (400mg/kg, p. o.). Evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential was done through parameters i.e., estimation of DPPH free radical scavenging/antioxidant Assay, body weight, blood glucose level and oral glucose tolerance test. In all the treated groups, the blood sugar level was estimated after 0, 5, 10, 15 and 21 days. After 21 days, Alloxan (150mg/kg, s. c.) + ethanolic leaves extract of Adenium obesum (ELAO) (200mg/kg, p. o.) and Alloxan (150mg/kg, s. c.) + ethanolic leaves extract of Adenium obesum (ELAO) (400mg/kg, p. o.). treated rats showed the blood glucose level as 109.23±0.46mg/dl and 98.46±0.24mg/dl, respectively. The research suggests that Adenium obesum is an effective herb in the management of diabetes but it’s mode of action is still unknown. So further research may carried-out to confirm its mode of action and optimum doses required in management of DM.

The aim of research was the studies of stem bark of Moringa oleifera (lam.) for antiulcer activity. The Moringa oleifera were obtained from the Gwalior region. It was identified and authenticated by a botanist. The powder was weighed and extracted through Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol solvent. The obtained slurry of mixture was dried under partial vacuum using a rotary evaporator or water-bath. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed for the herbal extract. Albino rats of either sex weighing 150–200g were obtained from the animal house, Shri Ramnath Singh Mahavidhyalaya (Pharmacy) Gormi, Bhind, MP. All the rats are divided into 4 groups (n=6); group 1: rats are given only distilled water each day for 21 days; group 2: rats are given Ranitidine (20mg/kg/day, p. o.) for 21 days; group 3: rats are given ethanolic stem bark extract of Moringa oleifera (SBMO) (200mg/kg/day, p. o.) for 21 days; and group 4: rats are given ethanolic stem bark extract of Moringa oleifera (SBMO) (400mg/kg/day, p. o.) up to 21 days. The anti-ulcer effect was evaluated in pylorus ligation- induced ulcer model and parameters were performed including microscopical examination, pH of gastric acid, gastric acid volume, free & total acidity. The pH level was measured to be below the reference and comparison ranges. Decreases in pH are a well-supported treatment for ulcers, as hyperacidity is the primary determinant in their anti-ulcerogenic potential. Group 2 received ranitidine (20mg/kg), while group 4 received ethanolic stem bark extract of Moringa oleifera (400m/kg) resulting in the greatest reduction in pH. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera has significant anti-ulcer potential at both the doses used 200mg/kg & 400mg/kg. This study suggests to isolate and develop the suitable dosage form of concerning chemical constituents present in Moringa oleifera for the activity.

Plants are an important source for the discovery of new products of medicinal value for drug development and plants secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals food additives, flavours, and other industrial values. The trading importance of these secondary metabolites has resulted in a great interest in its production and in survey possibilities of enhancing its production using tissue culture technology in recent years. A good number of abstracts and research articles announced, so far, for estimating antioxidant, the antimicrobial and anti-diabetic activity of individual secondary metabolites which have been extracted from various plants. In this article, we evaluate bioactivity of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phytosterols of total 18specific plants. Out of which, total of 10 plants were found to show antioxidant possible, 9 plants were found to show anti-microbial possible, and 9 plants were found to show the anti-diabetic possible of secondary metabolites. Root, stem, leaves, fruits, and flowers of numerous plants were established to hold secondary metabolites to layout bioactivity. So, this article will be a total organized reference for those who are involved in antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antimicrobial of secondary metabolites.

Cicely Williams (1893-1992), a pediatrician described malnutrition-related disorders in African children during the 1930s, a time when vitamin research dominated nutritional thinking. The terms "over nutrition" and "under nutrition" refer to the two basic forms of malnutrition, which occur when the body does not receive the necessary nutrients. Most impacted are children and newborns, as well as residents of underdeveloped nations. The majority of malnourished individuals pass away from concomitant conditions like tuberculosis, cancer, etc. The most typical symptoms of this sickness or pandemic include pale complexion, weakness, diarrhea, dizziness, and many more. The body needs extra nutrients to combat these symptoms. There are many medications and supplements on the market, but they can have negative side effects.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan and it is a important component of the extracellular matrix. HA is overexpressed by numerous cancer cells, especially tumorinitiating cells. Nanomaterials based on HA play an importance role in drug delivery systems. HA is used in various types of nanoformulations which include micelle, polymer some, hydrogel, and inorganic nanoparticle formulations. Many drug-resistant tumors and cancer stem cells (CSC) express elevated levels of CD44 receptor, a cellular glycoprotein binding hyaluronic acid (HA). Here, we report the synthesis of nano formulation?drug conjugates for efficient targeting and suppression of drug-resistant tumors. These conjugates significantly increased the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs with previously reported activity.

Background and Purpose: Frozen shoulder is a prevalent and incapacitating condition, characterized by shoulder pain and progressive loss of shoulder mobility. The prevalence of frozen shoulder in the general population has been reported to range from 2% to 5%, with some studies indicating a range of 0.5% to 10%.The purpose of this case report is to evaluate the Efficacy of Wet cupping (Hijama bi’l Shart)in the management of Frozen shoulder. Case Description: The patient was a 45-year-old female who presented with the complaint of pain in left shoulder radiating to left arm for two months. She also complained of limited range of motion (ROM) of left shoulder for two months. The diagnosis of frozen shoulder was determined following examination and evaluation. Intervention and Outcome: The patient was subjected to Hijama bi’l Shart. Outcome measures included ROM measurements, Visual analog scale (VAS) score and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) and were accessed before and after the intervention.Patient felt relieved after the session. The outcome was positive with increased shoulder ROM and decreased VAS score and SPADI score. VAS score reduced from 6 to 2. Similarly SPADI score was reduced from 40 to 20. Conclusion: Wet cupping appears to show promising results in the management of pain and inflammation. This case study involving the effect of wet cupping in the management of frozen shoulder has shown significant results by improving the ROM, VAS and SPADI scores in the patient.

Background: Habb-i-shifais an important pharmacopoeial Unani formulation that promises to be beneficial to opium addicts and helps to alleviate withdrawal symptoms. Various scientific researches done demonstrated positive results of Habb-i-shifa in alleviating morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats and Swiss mice, hence validating the Unani Medicine claim that Habb-i-shifa is an important medicine to be used in the treatment of opioid withdrawal. Drug addiction, often known as drug abuse disease, is a longstanding issue. Currently, recreational usage or peer modelling can lead to substance dependence. The magnitude of the addiction problem grows exponentially in the presence of stresses such as broken homes, unemployment, occupational stress, and so on. The de-addiction procedure is used to eliminate a person's desire for the drug. It is a painful process since the consequences of withdrawal cause a person to return to the drugs repeatedly. The current paper attempts to conduct a full review of Habb-i-shifa's opiate de-addiction impact in light of Unani classical literature. Our goal is to investigate the available literature on the use of Unani medicine for addiction treatment.

Background: It has long been known that using drugs like alcohol, khat, and tobacco is one of the main causes of human suffering. It is now regarded as one of the most significant socio economic and public health concerns in the world. Although it has an impact on many facets of society, juvenile substance abuse is alarmingly on the rise. Objective: This study's goal is to evaluate how social drug usage affects students' academic performance, specifically among those who will undergraduate from Africa medical college in 2023. Methodology: A cross-sectional study that was done on an institutional level among Africa medical college under graduates. For the current study, a sample of 173 students was selected using a straightforward random selecting procedure from nine departwoments. Result: This survey included a total of 173 graduating students from various departments. Overall, 97.4 women, or 64.2%, and 174.5 women, or 35.8%, were present. Social drugs were taken by 33.6% of people at some point in their life. The most often used social drugs, according to this study, were beer, khat, and cigarettes (41.8%, 40.7%, and 12.1%, respectively). The most frequent effects of social drug use on students' academic performances were higher absenteeism from class (31.9%) and a decline in cumulative grade point (27.5%), followed by a lack of interest in routine activities (25.3%) and worsening academic performance (15.2%), according to respondents. Peer pressure and socialization (17.8%) were the two most frequent reasons given by respondents, whereas academic unhappiness (13.3%), the desire to improve academic performance (11.1%), and loss of family control (8.9%) were the least frequent. Age, Religion, Ever Social Drug Use, Current Social Drug Use, Started Using Social Drug Use, and Impact of Social Drug Use show statistically significant associations with CGPA, according to statistical analysis and p-value. Conclusion and recommendation: The studies revealed that social drug use had a negative impact on kids' academic performance. The most prevalent outcomes were an increase in absences from school, a drop in cumulative grade point, and a decrease of interest in everyday chores. Khat, alcohol, and cigarettes were the most popular social drugs. This finding calls for further in-depth investigation into the various challenges connected to social drug use as well as instruction by responsible organizations about the detrimental effects that social drug use has on students' academic performance, particularly when they first enroll in college.

Introduction: Substance misuse is the term used to describe drug use that is irregular or ongoing yet unrelated to or inconsistent with accepted medical practice. A maladaptive pattern of substance use causes clinically significant distress, which can be seen in the failure to fulfill significant obligations at home, school, or work, the use of drugs in physically hazardous situations, recurrent legal problems associated with the use of drugs, or the continued use of drugs in the face of persistent or frequent social or interpersonal problems that the drugs' effects only serve to exacerbate. Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the productive age group about social drug use in Lidata Sub City, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. Methodology: From 09 June to 09 July 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Lidata sub-city to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and usage of social substances among the productive age groups. Result: 156 (66%) of the 237 study participants who responded were men, and 81 (34%), were women. The median age of the participants, who ranged in age from 17 to 60, was 36.5. Thirty-eight percent of the productive age group was aware that khat use had negative effects, 39 were unaware, and 168 believed that there were none. Similar to this, 153 (65%) of them are certain that alcohol use has a bad effect on health, causes bad economic repercussions, and increases crime, while 65 (27%) are unsure and 19 (8%) claim it has no bad effect. 16.45%, or 39 respondents, admitted they had ever smoked in their lives. Among smokers, 12 (or 30.76%) of them smoked between three and five cigarettes per day, eight (20.5%) smoked between six and ten cigarettes per day, six (13.38%) smoked between eleven and twenty cigarettes per day, nine (or 23.07%) smoked two cigarettes per day, and 10.25% smoked one cigarette per day. Conclusion: The working-age population in the Lidata sub-city showed low awareness of, acceptance of, and use of social drugs. The age groups with short and frequent trains to community awareness-raising conferences, workshops, and gatherings are the KAP productive age groups in terms of social drug usage.

Background: Due to the potential risk to the mother and fetus, this could impair the reproductive system. It is challenging to explain pharmaceutical use during pregnancy and their respective contributions to birth abnormalities in the setting of the majority of developing nations, including Ethiopia, for a number of reasons. Objective: to assess the prescription drug usage trends and pharmacological contraindications for pregnancy among the pregnant patients at Ras Dasta General Hospital. Methods: An institutionally-based cross-sectional study technique was used to describe the pattern of medication use and drug contraindications among pregnant women seeking follow-up treatment at Ras dasta general hospital Hospital. Both the primary and secondary data's sources were cited. The primary sources of the data were pregnant women who visited the ANC clinic at JMC during the study period. The source of secondary data was a review of medical records, prescriptions, and the ANC follow-up registration book. A face-to-face interview and a simultaneous review of the patient's medical data were conducted. Medical records were reviewed for any relevant information on prescription and over-the-counter drugs, and pregnant women were interviewed. Result Except for vitamins and vaccinations, 79 (53.74%) and 68(46.26%) of the pregnant women reported using at least one POM and/or OTC medication during the current pregnancy, respectively. An average of 1.5 + 0.5 OTC and 1.6 + 0.5 POM medications were consumed per pregnant lady. Of the 79 prescription medications used, 25 (17%) (53.74%) were purchased without a prescription. Conclusion: In this study, POM and OTC drug usage without a prescription was common, and use of potentially harmful pharmaceuticals (category-C) appeared to be increased throughout all trimesters. The findings of this research back up the recommendation of a few potentially harmful medications that could have been avoided while pregnant. In order to follow their doctor's prescription, pregnant women should undergo intensive medication usage counseling from healthcare specialists.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing healthcare by enhancing diagnostics, treatment, and disease management, addressing global health challenges, and optimizing resources. During the COVID-19 pandemic, AI demonstrated its potential in predicting outbreaks, contact tracing, vaccine development, and combating misinformation. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have improved diagnostic accuracy, exemplified by their success in identifying breast cancer, pneumonia, and appendicitis. AI also enhances treatment through precision medicine, therapeutic drug monitoring, and optimizing drug dosages. Tools like CURATE.AI personalize chemotherapy doses, showcasing AI's transformative impact on patient care. Despite its advantages, including improved diagnostics, cost efficiency, and workload reduction, AI faces challenges such as security risks, training requirements, and dependence on human oversight. Its integration into healthcare promises to bridge gaps in access to care, advance medical imaging, and streamline administrative tasks. While offering significant potential, AI must overcome social, ethical, and technical barriers to achieve widespread adoption. As researchers refine AI systems and explore their applications, AI is poised to play an integral role in advancing equitable, efficient, and personalized healthcare globally.